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Carbon Nanotubes

Are carbon nanotube (CNT) membranes now at large scale? Texas – Connecticut – USA

Startup Mattershift says it has achieved a breakthrough in making carbon nanotube (CNT) membranes at large scale. The startup is developing the technology’s ability to combine and separate individual molecules to make gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel using CO2 removed from the air. In an open-access paper in Science Advances, researchers from Mattershift and colleagues in the labs of Dr. Benny Freeman at The University of Texas at Austin and Dr. Jeffrey McCutcheon at the University of Connecticut confirmed that Mattershift’s large-scale CNT membranes match the characteristics and performance of small prototype CNT membranes previously reported on [
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Are carbon nanotube (CNT) membranes now at large scale? Texas – Connecticut – USA2018-03-12T12:24:32+01:00

Nickel Hexacyanoferrate Electrodes for Continuous Cation Intercalation Desalination of Brackish Water – USA – Illinois

Abstract:

Using porous electrodes containing redox-active nickel hexacyanoferrate (NiHCF) nanoparticles, we construct and test a device for electrochemical water desalination in a two flow-channel device where the electrodes are in direct contact with an anion-exchange membrane. Upon reduction of NiHCF, cations intercalate into it and the water in its vicinity is desalinated; at the same time water in the opposing electrode becomes more saline upon oxidation of NiHCF in that electrode. In a cyclic process of charge and discharge, fresh water is continuously produced, alternating between the two channels in sync with the direction of applied current. Compared to [
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Nickel Hexacyanoferrate Electrodes for Continuous Cation Intercalation Desalination of Brackish Water – USA – Illinois2017-10-14T07:55:07+02:00

Entrance Desalination technology

Desalination Technology is developing globally very fast these days. More and more desalination technologies getting applied into the conventional water treatment business today. DME does follow and support this development on an international basis starting from the first idea up to commodity products.

In order to give some direction what technology is available today this area will give a basic direction.

Following the navigation of this side you will find fundamentals such as on the right listed.

(LINK)

Entrance Desalination technology2017-07-28T18:39:11+02:00

Classification of Desalination Technologies

Desalination technology is used by humans since thousands of years. Being in the desert surrounded by sand and rocks or being on the sea sailing through salty waters, always fresh water is needed every day to keep the human body in a balanced hydrate mode.

Nature started using desalination processes from the very first moment. Different concentration levels drive everything alive on our planet. Humans started using first evaporation and condensation processes to purify unusable water. In the last century the number of processes to desalinate water and other liquids has gone through a very big development. New processes have been [
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Classification of Desalination Technologies2017-07-28T18:38:12+02:00

Desalination Technology in use

Today three technologies are dominating the international market. These are Multi-Stage Flash (MSF), Multiple-Effect Distillation (also Multi Effect Distillation or MED) and Reverse Osmosis (RO).

Looking into a global installed capacity in 2016 of about 90 mio mÂł/d app. 90% of this water is produced by these three technologies.

Multi-Stage Flash (MSF) takes app 20%, Multiple-Effect Distillation (also Multi Effect Distillation or MED) app. 5% and Reverse Osmosis (RO) app 65% of this.

The number of installed plants differs very much because a single MSF plant today easily does  produce 60.000 m³/d versus a RO plant very often produces [
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Desalination Technology in use2017-07-28T18:37:55+02:00

Future Desalination Technology

Saving material and energy per ton of water produced is the main target of all developments in desalination. Due to this basic attempt every of the today known technology has to prove its benefits against the established ones. Not pointing out every new technology three of them are selected and briefly described at this stage (2017).

Obviously an idea for a technology needs to develop. On the right hand side you can see an overview of different technologies. This sketch does illustrate the state of science knowledge and in the same way the state of Development, Technology and Art.

Legend: State of [
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Future Desalination Technology2017-07-28T18:37:30+02:00

Membrane Distillation (MD)

Membrane Distillation (MD) is a thermal desalination process in which water vapour is transported through a hydrophobic porous membrane. Due to a partial pressure difference of vapour between a liquid surface and an air or gas stream, water is vaporised although the liquid phase is much below boiling temperature. A hydrophobic membrane can separate the two phases – liquid water and either vapour or vapour-gas mixture – in order to avoid the transfer of liquid or allow compact stream arrangements. Thus, MD is a non-isothermal membrane separation process with combined heat and mass transfer over the membrane. Parallel arrangement [
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Membrane Distillation (MD)2017-07-28T18:36:06+02:00

Capacitive Deionization (CDI)

In Capacitive Deionization (CDI), charged ionic species are removed from aqueous solutions. The ions are adsorbed onto the surface of a pair of electrically charged electrodes, usually composed of highly porous carbon materials, upon applying an electrical voltage difference. Upon charging the electrodes with a voltage difference of typically 1-1.4 V, the salt ions present in the feed migrate to the electrode of opposite charge, cations to the cathode and anions to the anode, and form electrical double layers (EDLs) along the pore surface. Thus, the water flowing through the CDI cell is partially desalinated. In a discharging step, [
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Capacitive Deionization (CDI)2017-07-28T18:35:32+02:00

New way to recover almost 100 percent of the water from highly concentrated salt solutions




the researchers developed a self-heating carbon nanotube-based membrane that only heats the brine at the membrane surface. The new system reduced the heat needed in the process and increased the yield of recovered water to close to 100 percent.

In addition to the significantly improved desalination performance, the team also investigated how the application of alternating currents to the membrane heating element could prevent degradation of the carbon nanotubes in the saline environment. Specifically, a threshold frequency was identified where electrochemical oxidation of the nanotubes was prevented, allowing the nanotube films to be operated for significant lengths of [
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New way to recover almost 100 percent of the water from highly concentrated salt solutions2017-05-30T10:38:31+02:00
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